Quick Answer: Next-gen desalination membranes are making big strides. We’re talking biomimetic membranes with aquaporin proteins, graphene oxide nanofiltration, and nanocomposite thin-film matrices. All these aim to get energy use below 2 kWh/m3, super close to the absolute minimum. These new technologies could finally make desalination affordable for places struggling with water scarcity, places that just can’t afford current SWRO costs.