{"id":89006,"date":"2026-04-22T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-04-22T08:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ampac1.com\/blog\/boiler-feed-water-treatment-ro-guide\/"},"modified":"2026-04-22T08:00:00","modified_gmt":"2026-04-22T08:00:00","slug":"boiler-feed-water-treatment-ro-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ampac1.com\/blog\/boiler-feed-water-treatment-ro-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"Boiler Feed Water Treatment: Why Industrial Facilities Need Reverse Osmosis"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n<div style=\"background:#e8f4f8;border-left:4px solid #0073aa;padding:20px;margin-bottom:30px;border-radius:4px;\">\n<strong>Quick Answer:<\/strong> Boiler feed water treatment using reverse osmosis removes the hardness minerals, silica, and dissolved solids that cause scale buildup, corrosion, and heat transfer loss. A properly sized RO system can reduce boiler TDS by 95\u201399%, cut chemical consumption by 60\u201380%, and extend boiler tube life from 8\u201310 years to 20+ years. Without pretreatment, a single boiler failure can cost $50,000\u2013$500,000 in unplanned downtime.\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Scale is quiet. It builds at roughly 0.02 inches per year inside boiler tubes \u2014 invisible until fuel efficiency tanks, a tube fails, or you&#8217;re pulling the unit for an emergency retubing. The average industrial facility loses 2\u20135% of boiler efficiency for every 1\/16 inch of scale. At natural gas prices, that&#8217;s thousands of dollars per month, per boiler, silently burning. The fix isn&#8217;t more chemicals. It&#8217;s treating the water before it ever enters the system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What Is Boiler Feed Water and Why Does It Need Treatment?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Boiler feed water is the water fed into a steam boiler to replace water lost through steam use, blowdown, and condensate that doesn&#8217;t return. It combines makeup water (fresh source water) with recovered condensate. The problem: municipal water, well water, and even softened water carry dissolved minerals \u2014 calcium, magnesium, silica, chlorides, bicarbonates \u2014 that don&#8217;t evaporate when water turns to steam. They concentrate in the boiler water with every cycle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That concentration process is called &#8220;cycles of concentration.&#8221; A boiler running at 10 cycles of concentration means impurities in the boiler water are ten times their inlet concentration. Feed water at 200 ppm TDS becomes 2,000 ppm boiler water. At that concentration, calcium and magnesium exceed their solubility limits and precipitate as hard scale on heat transfer surfaces.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"background:#fff3cd;border-left:4px solid #ffc107;padding:15px;margin:20px 0;border-radius:4px;\">\n<strong>The Scale-Efficiency Relationship:<\/strong> 1\/32&#8243; of calcium carbonate scale = 8\u201312% fuel efficiency loss. 1\/8&#8243; of silica scale = 30\u201340% fuel efficiency loss. Silica scale has the thermal conductivity of glass \u2014 it&#8217;s one of the most stubborn and expensive fouling problems in industrial boilers.\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Four Contaminants That Destroy Boilers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Hardness (calcium and magnesium)<\/strong> \u2014 The primary scale formers. Both precipitate as carbonates and sulfates at high temperature. Even softened water reduces but doesn&#8217;t eliminate hardness ion exchange; leakage can still cause localized scaling.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Silica<\/strong> \u2014 Forms extremely hard, glassy scale that is nearly impossible to remove mechanically. High-pressure boilers (above 600 psi) require silica below 0.02 ppm in feed water. Municipal water commonly runs 10\u201330 ppm.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)<\/strong> \u2014 High TDS forces more frequent blowdown, increases chemical costs, and accelerates corrosion in the steam condensate system.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dissolved oxygen<\/strong> \u2014 Causes pitting corrosion in boiler tubes, feedwater heaters, and condensate lines. Mechanical deaeration handles most of it; chemical oxygen scavengers handle the residual.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How Reverse Osmosis Solves Boiler Feed Water Problems<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No single conventional treatment \u2014 softening, filtration, chemical dosing \u2014 handles hardness, silica, TDS, and dissolved organics in one pass. RO does. A membrane rejects 95\u201399% of dissolved minerals, 95\u201399% of silica, and 90\u201395% of organic compounds in a single stage. The permeate coming off the system is cleaner than anything you&#8217;d get from stacking conventional treatments together, and it costs less to operate long-term.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;margin:20px 0;\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background:#0073aa;color:#fff;\">\n<th style=\"padding:12px;\">Parameter<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:12px;\">Typical Feed Water<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:12px;\">After Water Softener<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:12px;\">After RO System<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:12px;\">Boiler Requirement (600 psi)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #ddd;\">\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\"><strong>Total Hardness (ppm)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\">150\u2013400<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\">0\u20135 (leakage risk)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\">&lt;1<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\">&lt;0.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #ddd;background:#f9f9f9;\">\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\"><strong>Silica (ppm)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\">10\u201330<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\">10\u201330 (unchanged)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\">0.1\u20131.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\">&lt;0.02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #ddd;\">\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\"><strong>TDS (ppm)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\">200\u2013800<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\">200\u2013800 (unchanged)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\">5\u201340<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\">&lt;100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #ddd;background:#f9f9f9;\">\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\"><strong>Conductivity (\u00b5S\/cm)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\">300\u20131,200<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\">300\u20131,200<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\">10\u201360<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\">&lt;200<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #ddd;\">\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\"><strong>Chloride (ppm)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\">50\u2013200<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\">50\u2013200 + Na added<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\">1\u201310<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\">&lt;10<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Notice that water softening \u2014 still the most common boiler pretreatment \u2014 does nothing for silica or TDS. It converts calcium and magnesium to sodium, which has its own problems in high-pressure boilers. RO removes nearly everything, including silica, producing permeate water close to the quality needed for medium- and high-pressure boiler operation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">RO Alone vs. RO + Mixed Bed Deionization<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For boilers operating above 600 psi, RO permeate alone often isn&#8217;t pure enough to meet silica specifications (&lt;0.02 ppm). In these cases, an RO system followed by a mixed bed deionizer (DI) or electrodeionization (EDI) unit achieves the required purity. This two-stage approach is standard in power generation, refining, and pharmaceutical steam systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"background:#e8f4f8;border-left:4px solid #0073aa;padding:15px;margin:20px 0;border-radius:4px;\">\n<strong>System Selection by Boiler Pressure:<\/strong><br>\n\u2022 <strong>Below 150 psi<\/strong> \u2014 Softener + chemical treatment is often sufficient<br>\n\u2022 <strong>150\u2013600 psi<\/strong> \u2014 RO system handles most quality requirements<br>\n\u2022 <strong>600\u20131,500 psi<\/strong> \u2014 RO + DI or EDI polishing required<br>\n\u2022 <strong>Above 1,500 psi<\/strong> \u2014 RO + double-pass RO + EDI for power plant-grade ultrapure water\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sizing an RO System for Boiler Feed Water<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">RO system capacity for boiler feed water comes down to three numbers: how fast your boiler evaporates water, how much you blow down, and how much condensate actually returns. Get those from your boiler operator or nameplate data before talking to any equipment supplier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 1: Calculate Makeup Water Requirement<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Makeup water replaces what&#8217;s lost to steam consumption and blowdown. A boiler producing 10,000 lbs\/hour of steam at 80% condensate return needs about 2,000 lbs\/hour (240 GPH) of makeup water. If blowdown runs at 10%, add another 1,100 lbs\/hour. Total RO system demand: roughly 400 GPH (9,600 GPD). Specify the RO at 25\u201330% more capacity to account for peak demand and future expansion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 2: Account for RO Recovery Rate<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">RO systems reject some water as concentrate (brine). A typical industrial RO system runs at 75\u201380% recovery \u2014 meaning for every 10 gallons of feed water, 7.5\u20138 gallons become usable permeate. To produce 9,600 GPD of permeate, the RO system needs 12,000\u201312,800 GPD of feed water. This affects your incoming water supply sizing and concentrate disposal planning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 3: Select Pretreatment<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">RO membranes are sensitive to fouling. Municipal water with chlorine will destroy polyamide membranes in weeks. Feed water pretreatment typically includes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Multimedia filtration<\/strong> \u2014 removes suspended solids and turbidity above 5 NTU<\/li>\n<li><strong>Activated carbon filtration<\/strong> \u2014 removes chlorine (which oxidizes RO membranes), chloramines, and organic compounds<\/li>\n<li><strong>5-micron cartridge filtration<\/strong> \u2014 final particulate protection before the membrane<\/li>\n<li><strong>Antiscalant dosing<\/strong> \u2014 prevents mineral scaling on the membrane surface itself<\/li>\n<li><strong>pH adjustment<\/strong> \u2014 for high-bicarbonate water, lowering pH to 6.5\u20137.0 improves CO\u2082 removal and membrane performance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Real Cost of Not Treating Boiler Feed Water<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Maintenance teams often push back on RO system investment because the upfront cost is visible and the benefit is invisible \u2014 until something fails. Here&#8217;s what the actual numbers look like for a medium-sized facility running a 500 HP fire-tube boiler:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;margin:20px 0;\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background:#0073aa;color:#fff;\">\n<th style=\"padding:12px;\">Cost Category<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:12px;\">Without RO (Softener Only)<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:12px;\">With RO System<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding:12px;\">Annual Savings<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #ddd;\">\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\"><strong>Fuel (scale efficiency loss)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\">$48,000\/year<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\">$42,000\/year<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;color:green;\"><strong>$6,000<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #ddd;background:#f9f9f9;\">\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\"><strong>Chemical treatment<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\">$18,000\/year<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\">$4,000\/year<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;color:green;\"><strong>$14,000<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #ddd;\">\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\"><strong>Blowdown water waste<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\">$9,000\/year<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\">$2,500\/year<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;color:green;\"><strong>$6,500<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #ddd;background:#f9f9f9;\">\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\"><strong>Scheduled descaling\/cleaning<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\">$12,000\/year<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\">$2,000\/year<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;color:green;\"><strong>$10,000<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #ddd;\">\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\"><strong>Tube replacement (amortized)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\">$22,000\/year<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\">$5,000\/year<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;color:green;\"><strong>$17,000<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background:#e8f4f8;font-weight:bold;\">\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\"><strong>TOTAL<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\"><strong>$109,000\/year<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;\"><strong>$55,500\/year<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px;color:green;\"><strong>$53,500\/year<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An industrial RO system sized for this application runs $15,000\u2013$35,000 installed. At $53,500 in annual savings, the payback period is 4\u20138 months. Not 4\u20138 years. Months.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Common Boiler Feed Water Treatment Configurations<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Low-Pressure Boilers (Up to 150 psi): Softener \u2192 RO<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For HVAC steam, laundry, and food processing applications, running a softener ahead of the RO extends membrane life and keeps recovery high. The softener knocks out hardness; the RO handles silica and TDS that the softener leaves completely untouched. Chemical addition at the boiler drops to near-zero.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mid-Range Boilers (150\u2013600 psi): Multimedia \u2192 Carbon \u2192 RO<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is the workhorse configuration for most industrial facilities on municipal supply. Multimedia takes out suspended solids. Carbon strips chlorine \u2014 skip this step and you&#8217;ll shred a polyamide membrane in months. The RO handles everything else. It&#8217;s the right call for the vast majority of manufacturing, chemical processing, and commercial steam plants in this pressure range.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">High-Pressure Boilers (600+ psi): Multimedia \u2192 Carbon \u2192 RO \u2192 EDI<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At 600 psi and above, RO permeate alone won&#8217;t hit silica specs. Add an EDI polisher and you get conductivity below 0.1 \u00b5S\/cm and silica below 0.005 ppm \u2014 no chemical regeneration, no downtime for resin cycles. Power generation, refinery process steam, and pharmaceutical clean steam systems all run this train. The EDI pays for itself in eliminated chemical costs within a year or two at typical flow rates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Maintenance Requirements for a Boiler Feed Water RO System<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Industrial RO systems are lower-maintenance than conventional treatment but not maintenance-free. Expect:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Prefilter cartridge replacement<\/strong> \u2014 Every 1\u20133 months depending on feed water quality and flow rate<\/li>\n<li><strong>Membrane cleaning (CIP)<\/strong> \u2014 Every 3\u201312 months if SDI (Silt Density Index) is controlled properly; skip-maintenance myths cause early membrane failures<\/li>\n<li><strong>Membrane replacement<\/strong> \u2014 Every 3\u20135 years under normal operating conditions; 8\u201310 years with optimal pretreatment<\/li>\n<li><strong>Antiscalant pump calibration<\/strong> \u2014 Quarterly to maintain proper dosing<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pressure vessel inspection<\/strong> \u2014 Annual, especially O-ring and interconnector integrity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Frequently Asked Questions: Boiler Feed Water RO Systems<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Can I use RO water directly in a boiler without further treatment?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For boilers below 600 psi, RO permeate is often suitable with only minor chemical treatment (oxygen scavenging and pH adjustment). Above 600 psi, you&#8217;ll typically need EDI or mixed-bed DI polishing to meet silica specifications. Always confirm against your boiler manufacturer&#8217;s water quality requirements before changing treatment chemistry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Will RO water cause corrosion in my boiler system?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">RO water has low alkalinity and low dissolved solids, which makes it slightly more corrosive to carbon steel than hard water \u2014 but this is easily managed. Standard practice is to add a neutralizing amine to maintain condensate pH above 8.5 and a filming amine to protect condensate return piping. This is far less expensive and more effective than managing scale. Most boiler chemical suppliers have programs specifically designed for RO-fed systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What size RO system do I need for my boiler?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The starting point is your boiler&#8217;s steam output in lbs\/hour, your condensate return percentage, and your blowdown rate. A 500 HP boiler (17,275 lbs\/hour steam) with 70% condensate return typically needs an RO system producing 5,000\u20138,000 GPD. AMPAC USA&#8217;s engineering team can size a system for your specific operating parameters \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ampac1.com\/contact\/\">contact us for a sizing consultation<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How long does an industrial RO system last?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The pressure vessels and frame are designed for 15\u201325 year service life. Membranes typically last 3\u20135 years; with excellent pretreatment and proper CIP protocols, 7\u201310 years is achievable. Pump rebuild or replacement is typically needed at 7\u201312 years depending on duty cycle and water quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">AMPAC USA Industrial RO Systems for Boiler Feed Water<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If your boiler inspection keeps coming back with scale buildup, your chemical costs are climbing, or a tube failed and you&#8217;d like it to be the last one \u2014 it&#8217;s worth running the numbers on an RO system. AMPAC USA builds industrial boiler feed water RO systems from 5,000 to 500,000+ GPD, configured around your actual feed water chemistry, not a generic spec sheet. Stainless frames, industrial-grade high-pressure pumps, automatic controls, full pretreatment integration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Every system ships with commissioning support and a maintenance protocol written for your specific water. The math on these systems rarely disappoints \u2014 most facilities see payback in under a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ampac1.com\/products\/industrial-reverse-osmosis-water-purification\/\">View AMPAC USA industrial RO systems<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ampac1.com\/contact\/\">contact our engineering team<\/a> for a feed water analysis and system recommendation.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Quick Answer: Boiler feed water treatment using reverse osmosis removes the hardness minerals, silica, and dissolved solids that cause scale buildup, corrosion, and heat transfer&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":89024,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[66,29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-89006","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-industrial-reverse-osmosis","category-water-treatment"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ampac1.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/89006","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ampac1.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ampac1.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ampac1.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ampac1.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=89006"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.ampac1.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/89006\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ampac1.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/89024"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ampac1.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=89006"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ampac1.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=89006"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ampac1.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=89006"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}